Pogonomyrmex salinus
Images of Pogonomyrmex salinus - at various locations in Nevada, Oregon, and Washington states, USA.
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![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m/500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/17/09 7:16AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">Looking at this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>P.salinus</em></span></a> worker from above, it is easy to see the <em>subquadrate</em> or 'squarish' head shape that is characteristic of these ants. The distinctive <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_surfaceSculptureInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">surface sculpure</span></a> is also very apparent in this image. </div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-mVmRzCf/0/13fabd6f/L/2157_09_Rf-L.jpg)
● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m/500 ft] view location in Google Maps » ● 5/17/09 7:16AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F
Looking at this P.salinus worker from above, it is easy to see the subquadrate or 'squarish' head shape that is characteristic of these ants. The distinctive surface sculpure is also very apparent in this image.
pogopogonomyrmexpogonomyrmex salinusantsmacroharvester antspogos
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/9/10 10:14AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 1 of 4] The seeds of western tansy-mustard (<em>Descurainia sp.</em>) are apparently a very important <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">source of food</span></a> for the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> ants of central Washington state. This series of four images was captured in the space of less than one minute - as a determined worker removed a relatively huge seed-pod from a living plant near her nest. Using her legs and gaster (large abdominal body part) to maximize leverage, she can be seen cutting through the stem, just below the seed-pod (1st and 2nd images). Suddenly, the pod is cut free, and the ant climbs out to the end of a seed-pod below, with cargo firmly held in her <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> (3rd and 4th images). Two seconds after the last image, she dropped to the ground (from a height of about 25 cm / 10 inches) and ran at full speed to the nest, disappearing into the entrance with her prize.</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Descurainia (tansy-mustard) species thrive in dry (and often disturbed) soils, and are quite abundant in many areas where Pogos live. <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_chaffInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Nest middens</span></a> are often full of empty Descurainia seed pods. We have observed and imaged P.salinus workers interacting with these plants in several locations in Washington state. These interactions encompass a range of behaviors, including the foraging of seeds/seed pods, removal of empty seed pods from nests, and the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of entire plants</span></a> from nest mounds and adjacent areas. Pogonomyrmex salinus has also been observed to collect the seeds/seed pods of various Descurainia species in Oregon and Idaho, and one study indicates that in central Oregon, Descurainia pinnata (western tansy-mustard) is one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Bromus tectorum, Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southest Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-tgc59tW/0/9682dfbf/Ti/3317_10_7Df-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/9/10 10:14AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 2 of 4] The seeds of western tansy-mustard (<em>Descurainia sp.</em>) are apparently a very important <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">source of food</span></a> for the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> ants of central Washington state. This series of four images was captured in the space of less than one minute - as a determined worker removed a relatively huge seed-pod from a living plant near her nest. Using her legs and gaster (large abdominal body part) to maximize leverage, she can be seen cutting through the stem, just below the seed-pod (1st and 2nd images). Suddenly, the pod is cut free, and the ant climbs out to the end of a seed-pod below, with cargo firmly held in her <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> (3rd and 4th images). Two seconds after the last image, she dropped to the ground (from a height of about 25 cm / 10 inches) and ran at full speed to the nest, disappearing into the entrance with her prize.</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Descurainia (tansy-mustard) species thrive in dry (and often disturbed) soils, and are quite abundant in many areas where Pogos live. <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_chaffInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Nest middens</span></a> are often full of empty Descurainia seed pods. We have observed and imaged P.salinus workers interacting with these plants in several locations in Washington state. These interactions encompass a range of behaviors, including the foraging of seeds/seed pods, removal of empty seed pods from nests, and the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of entire plants</span></a> from nest mounds and adjacent areas. Pogonomyrmex salinus has also been observed to collect the seeds/seed pods of various Descurainia species in Oregon and Idaho, and one study indicates that in central Oregon, Descurainia pinnata (western tansy-mustard) is one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Bromus tectorum, Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southest Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-TdRXr2H/0/882ce3f5/Ti/3319_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/9/10 10:14AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 3 of 4] The seeds of western tansy-mustard (<em>Descurainia sp.</em>) are apparently a very important <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">source of food</span></a> for the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> ants of central Washington state. This series of four images was captured in the space of less than one minute - as a determined worker removed a relatively huge seed-pod from a living plant near her nest. Using her legs and gaster (large abdominal body part) to maximize leverage, she can be seen cutting through the stem, just below the seed-pod (1st and 2nd images). Suddenly, the pod is cut free, and the ant climbs out to the end of a seed-pod below, with cargo firmly held in her <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> (3rd and 4th images). Two seconds after the last image, she dropped to the ground (from a height of about 25 cm / 10 inches) and ran at full speed to the nest, disappearing into the entrance with her prize.</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Descurainia (tansy-mustard) species thrive in dry (and often disturbed) soils, and are quite abundant in many areas where Pogos live. <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_chaffInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Nest middens</span></a> are often full of empty Descurainia seed pods. We have observed and imaged P.salinus workers interacting with these plants in several locations in Washington state. These interactions encompass a range of behaviors, including the foraging of seeds/seed pods, removal of empty seed pods from nests, and the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of entire plants</span></a> from nest mounds and adjacent areas. Pogonomyrmex salinus has also been observed to collect the seeds/seed pods of various Descurainia species in Oregon and Idaho, and one study indicates that in central Oregon, Descurainia pinnata (western tansy-mustard) is one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Bromus tectorum, Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southest Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-V4nsdjZ/0/6e3eb316/Ti/3322_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/9/10 10:14AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 4 of 4] The seeds of western tansy-mustard (<em>Descurainia sp.</em>) are apparently a very important <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">source of food</span></a> for the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> ants of central Washington state. This series of four images was captured in the space of less than one minute - as a determined worker removed a relatively huge seed-pod from a living plant near her nest. Using her legs and gaster (large abdominal body part) to maximize leverage, she can be seen cutting through the stem, just below the seed-pod (1st and 2nd images). Suddenly, the pod is cut free, and the ant climbs out to the end of a seed-pod below, with cargo firmly held in her <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> (3rd and 4th images). Two seconds after the last image, she dropped to the ground (from a height of about 25 cm / 10 inches) and ran at full speed to the nest, disappearing into the entrance with her prize.</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Descurainia (tansy-mustard) species thrive in dry (and often disturbed) soils, and are quite abundant in many areas where Pogos live. <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_chaffInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Nest middens</span></a> are often full of empty Descurainia seed pods. We have observed and imaged P.salinus workers interacting with these plants in several locations in Washington state. These interactions encompass a range of behaviors, including the foraging of seeds/seed pods, removal of empty seed pods from nests, and the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of entire plants</span></a> from nest mounds and adjacent areas. Pogonomyrmex salinus has also been observed to collect the seeds/seed pods of various Descurainia species in Oregon and Idaho, and one study indicates that in central Oregon, Descurainia pinnata (western tansy-mustard) is one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Bromus tectorum, Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southest Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-kFLdC7q/0/1018ba5c/Ti/3324_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Horse Ridge area, SE of Bend [Deschutes Co], OR USA [el. 1310 m / 4297 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.00047a3daca81cf459487&ll=43.912533,-121.007083&spn=0.086565,0.145912&z=12&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 7/20/09 7:42AM sunny, air temp: 12°C / 54°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">At two separate locations in Oregon, we have observed <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> workers transporting (or <em>working on</em> in some way) Juniper (<em>Juniperus occidentalis</em>) 'berries' . This ant was in the process of cutting away the outer covering of one, and a seed can be seen inside (a variety of haphazard cutting techniques were employed). This <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">worker</span></a> apparently lost interest, and walked away shortly after this image was captured. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span></div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote"><span class ="footnoteTag">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:</span>
<em>Juniper 'berries' are really highly modified seed cones, with fused, fleshy scales. We saw these objects on the ground in every state of ripeness and decomposition (at this location and one another in central Oregon). The color ranged from almost black to bright orange - sometimes with a white powdery coating, as in this image. The differences in color and texture presumably are a function of how long the berries had been lying on the ground. The ants did not seem to have a preference, and were seen retrieving ones that were in some cases, highly decomposed. We observed 2 of these objects actually being taken into a nest.
This is the only Pogo we have seen actually cutting open a Juniper berry, the others were being transported whole.</em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-kVdQCLC/0/519b58ae/Ti/0570_09_40f-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co] WA, USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/17/09 11:04AM sun, air temp: 22°C / 71°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 1 of 2] With her powerful <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a>, a <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>P.salinus</em></span></a> worker cuts through the tube-like leaf of 'Indian rice grass' (<em>Achnatherum hymenoides</em>), uncovering the not-yet-emerged inflorescence, with its many tiny flowers (florets), and seeds.
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-vBwtkSd/0/121c4589/Ti/2369_09_Rf-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/17/09 11:06AM sunny, air temp: 22°C / 71°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 2 of 2] 'Indian rice grass' (<em>Achnatherum hymenoides</em>) and <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>P. salinus</em></span></a> worker - 2 minutes and 13 seconds after the previous image. The ant has gained access to one of the florets (which contains the nutritious seed), and is continuing to free it from the stem. Less than 2 minutes later, she snipped the skinny pedicel (seen at the bottom of this image), and the whole floret dropped to the ground. This ant stayed on the plant, and continued working - leaving the retrieval of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">potential food item</span></a> to her nestmates on the ground. This large clump of grass was approx. .5 m / 2 ft from the nest entrance, but this appeared to be foraging activity only, and not an attempt by the ants <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">to remove the plant</span></a>.
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-s5FR5tm/0/d177b37f/Ti/2375_09_Rf-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/9/10 12:15PM sunny, air temp: [not measured]</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">Silhouetted against the background, this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>P. salinus</em></span></a> worker searches a plant for <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">nectar</span></a> in central Washington state. </div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-TJ7WxTt/0/4af5b57d/Ti/3360_10_7Df-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m/500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/17/09 7:16AM sunny, air temp: 16°C / 61°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">Looking at this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>P.salinus</em></span></a> worker from above, it is easy to see the <em>subquadrate</em> or 'squarish' head shape that is characteristic of these ants. The distinctive <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_surfaceSculptureInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">surface sculpure</span></a> is also very apparent in this image. </div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-mVmRzCf/0/13fabd6f/Ti/2157_09_Rf-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 4/19/10 12:17PM sun, haze, air temp: 25°C / 77°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 2 of 4] Spring is a busy time for <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a>. While some colony members forage, or conduct maintenance on the nest below, others engage in the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of plants</span></a> that have sprung up on, or too close to the nest mound. Even with their powerful <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a>, these ants struggle to cut through tough plant stems, and leaves. This series of images was captured on our first outing of 2010, in Washington state. A dozen or so workers from a small nest were busy cutting down cheatgrass (<em>Bromus tectorum</em>) growing on, and around the edges of the nest mound <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_grass_cutting01Info.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">[see additional images » ]</span></a>. One worker was seen attempting to drag a bunch of fallen spikelets, possibly back to the nest - though it was unclear, as she was making no progress, and soon abandoned the effort. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span>
</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>
The introduced (and invasive) grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), is common in many of the areas inhabited by <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex</em></span></a> ants, and is often a target of their foraging activities.
One study in central Oregon found cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), to be one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, Descurainia pinnata, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">
Pogonomyrmex occidentalis </span></a> (a member of the same complex as P. salinus) has long been known to have an association with <em>Bromus tectorum</em>, though there are indications that this ant prefers other species when they are available. In the Twin Falls, Idaho area, Cole found the seeds of B. tectorum to be harvested in great quantities "...primarily due to the predominance of Bromus tectorum in the semi-desert areas." He also notes that "the seed chambers of mounds in dense bromegrass areas often contain a greater quantity of other seeds and only a few colonies were located which seemed to harvest bromegrass seeds exclusively."
This seems to be in keeping with the preliminary findings of a study of P. occidentalis in Colorado, by D. Wiernasz, where it was found that "Bromus tectorum was strongly avoided, and never exceeded 3% of seeds collected by foragers, even in high density areas."
·Cole, A.C. 1932a. The Relation of the Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis CR., to its Habitat. Ohio Journal of Science, 32:133-46, Ohio State University
·Wiernasz, D. 2005. Granivore Activity on the Invasive Grass Bromus tectorum: a Factor in Establishment or Exclusion? University of Huston
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3
</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-cTb5h2D/1/606b3272/Ti/2905_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 4/19/10 12:31PM sun, haze, air temp: 25°C / 77°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 3 of 4] Spring is a busy time for <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a>. While some colony members forage, or conduct maintenance on the nest below, others engage in the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of plants</span></a> that have sprung up on, or too close to the nest mound. Even with their powerful <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a>, these ants struggle to cut through tough plant stems, and leaves. This series of images was captured on our first outing of 2010, in Washington state. A dozen or so workers from a small nest were busy cutting down cheatgrass (<em>Bromus tectorum</em>) growing on, and around the edges of the nest mound <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_grass_cutting01Info.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">[see additional images » ]</span></a>. One worker was seen attempting to drag a bunch of fallen spikelets, possibly back to the nest - though it was unclear, as she was making no progress, and soon abandoned the effort. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span>
</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>
The introduced (and invasive) grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), is common in many of the areas inhabited by <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex</em></span></a> ants, and is often a target of their foraging activities.
One study in central Oregon found cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), to be one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, Descurainia pinnata, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex occidentalis </span></a> (a member of the same complex as P. salinus) has long been known to have an association with <em>Bromus tectorum</em>, though there are indications that this ant prefers other species when they are available. In the Twin Falls, Idaho area, Cole found the seeds of B. tectorum to be harvested in great quantities "...primarily due to the predominance of Bromus tectorum in the semi-desert areas." He also notes that "the seed chambers of mounds in dense bromegrass areas often contain a greater quantity of other seeds and only a few colonies were located which seemed to harvest bromegrass seeds exclusively."
This seems to be in keeping with the preliminary findings of a study of P. occidentalis in Colorado, by D. Wiernasz, where it was found that "Bromus tectorum was strongly avoided, and never exceeded 3% of seeds collected by foragers, even in high density areas."
·Cole, A.C. 1932a. The Relation of the Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis CR., to its Habitat. Ohio Journal of Science, 32:133-46, Ohio State University
·Wiernasz, D. 2005. Granivore Activity on the Invasive Grass Bromus tectorum: a Factor in Establishment or Exclusion? University of Huston
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3
</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-MFL3vkP/1/67f9a128/Ti/2943_10_7Df-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 4/19/10 1:14PM sun, haze, air temp: 26°C / 79°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 4 of 4] Spring is a busy time for <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a>. While some colony members forage, or conduct maintenance on the nest below, others engage in the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of plants</span></a> that have sprung up on, or too close to the nest mound. Even with their powerful <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a>, these ants struggle to cut through tough plant stems, and leaves. This series of images was captured on our first outing of 2010, in Washington state. A dozen or so workers from a small nest were busy cutting down cheatgrass (<em>Bromus tectorum</em>) growing on, and around the edges of the nest mound <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_grass_cutting01Info.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">[see additional images » ]</span></a>. One worker was seen attempting to drag a bunch of fallen spikelets, possibly back to the nest - though it was unclear, as she was making no progress, and soon abandoned the effort. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span>
</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>
The introduced (and invasive) grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), is common in many of the areas inhabited by <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex</em></span></a> ants, and is often a target of their foraging activities.
One study in central Oregon found cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), to be one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, Descurainia pinnata, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex occidentalis</span></a> (a member of the same complex as P. salinus) has long been known to have an association with <em>Bromus tectorum</em>, though there are indications that this ant prefers other species when they are available. In the Twin Falls, Idaho area, Cole found the seeds of B. tectorum to be harvested in great quantities "...primarily due to the predominance of Bromus tectorum in the semi-desert areas." He also notes that "the seed chambers of mounds in dense bromegrass areas often contain a greater quantity of other seeds and only a few colonies were located which seemed to harvest bromegrass seeds exclusively."
This seems to be in keeping with the preliminary findings of a study of P. occidentalis in Colorado, by D. Wiernasz, where it was found that "Bromus tectorum was strongly avoided, and never exceeded 3% of seeds collected by foragers, even in high density areas."
·Cole, A.C. 1932a. The Relation of the Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis CR., to its Habitat. Ohio Journal of Science, 32:133-46, Ohio State University
·Wiernasz, D. 2005. Granivore Activity on the Invasive Grass Bromus tectorum: a Factor in Establishment or Exclusion? University of Huston
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3
</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-rVKMsGp/0/96e948b5/Ti/3005_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 4/19/10 11:01AM sun, haze, air temp: 22°C / 72°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 1 of 4] Spring is a busy time for <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a>. While some colony members forage, or conduct maintenance on the nest below, others engage in the <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_nestClearingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">removal of plants</span></a> that have sprung up on, or too close to the nest mound. Even with their powerful <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a>, these ants struggle to cut through tough plant stems, and leaves. This series of images was captured on our first outing of 2010, in Washington state. A dozen or so workers from a small nest were busy cutting down cheatgrass (<em>Bromus tectorum</em>) growing on, and around the edges of the nest mound <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_grass_cutting01Info.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">[see additional images » ]</span></a>. One worker was seen attempting to drag a bunch of fallen spikelets, possibly back to the nest - though it was unclear, as she was making no progress, and soon abandoned the effort. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span>
</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>
The introduced (and invasive) grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), is common in many of the areas inhabited by <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex</em></span></a> ants, and is often a target of their foraging activities.
One study in central Oregon found cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), to be one of the 5 most frequently collected seeds by P. salinus. The others were: Phacelia linearis, Hordeum jubatum, Descurainia pinnata, and Sisymbrium altissimum.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex occidentalis</span></a> (a member of the same complex as P. salinus) has long been known to have an association with <em>Bromus tectorum</em>, though there are indications that this ant prefers other species when they are available. In the Twin Falls, Idaho area, Cole found the seeds of B. tectorum to be harvested in great quantities "...primarily due to the predominance of Bromus tectorum in the semi-desert areas." He also notes that "the seed chambers of mounds in dense bromegrass areas often contain a greater quantity of other seeds and only a few colonies were located which seemed to harvest bromegrass seeds exclusively."
This seems to be in keeping with the preliminary findings of a study of P. occidentalis in Colorado, by D. Wiernasz, where it was found that "Bromus tectorum was strongly avoided, and never exceeded 3% of seeds collected by foragers, even in high density areas."
·Cole, A.C. 1932a. The Relation of the Ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis CR., to its Habitat. Ohio Journal of Science, 32:133-46, Ohio State University
·Wiernasz, D. 2005. Granivore Activity on the Invasive Grass Bromus tectorum: a Factor in Establishment or Exclusion? University of Huston
·Willard, J.R. & H.H. Crowell. 1965. Biological Activities of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei, in Central Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology Vol.58, No.3
</em></div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-3DZzzrz/0/9c62fbc2/Ti/2860_10_7Df-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 9:00AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 1 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-pHvw4X4/0/e06edaba/Ti/3569_10_7Df-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 9:02AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 2 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-DHpTZgr/0/2344bac7/Ti/3573_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 9:07AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 3 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Gk5XzLx/0/0baccada/Ti/2080_10_40Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 9:16AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 4 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-DHKtVN5/0/65ec618a/Ti/3595_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 9:20AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 5 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-xBDpqFt/0/b5d7760e/Ti/3598_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470bd413e9e793ba1d&ll=46.905483,-119.9903&spn=0.164191,0.291824&z=11&source=embed"><span class="mapLink">view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 5/16/10 11:11AM partly cloudy, air temp: 25°C / 77°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 6 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_workerInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">workers</span></a> can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_mandiblesInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">mandibles</span></a> and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Many Pogo nests sport a prominent <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_gravelInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">gravel-covered</span></a> mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
<a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex</span></a> nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PrugosusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P. rugosus</span></a> (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PoccidentalisInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">P.occidentalis</span></a> have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press
<em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-zgwzqjz/0/3c3d207d/Ti/3649_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg)
![<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft]</span> <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=100103460138962878270.000470f37e319b015bf28&ll=46.7596,-119.932433&spn=0.329276,0.583649&z=10&source=embed"><span class="mapLink"> view location in Google Maps »</span></a>
<span class="captionImageInfo"> ● 9/27/09 9:53AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F</span>
<div class="captionImageMain">[IMAGE 1 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm"><em>Pogonomyrmex salinus</em></span></a> workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. <span class ="footnoteTag">[scroll down for additional notes/references]</span>
</div>
<div class="captionRefFootnote">ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
<em>Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_feedingInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">plant-based nutritional resources</span></a>, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PogonomyrmexInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex ants</span></a> utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed <a href="http://www.davidlouisquinn.com/pogolumina_PsalinusInfo.htm"><span class="glossLinkSm">Pogonomyrmex salinus</span></a> workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552
</em>
</div>](https://photos.smugmug.com/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Lw3792b/0/81e4acf2/Ti/1469_09_40f-Ti.jpg)
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