Images of Pogonomyrmex salinus - at various locations in Nevada, Oregon, and Washington states, USA.
Scroll down PAST BOTTOM OF PAGE for complete image description, and CLICK large image to make it even LARGER...
***There may be multiple image pages; use red page/image controls below to see them all!***
Scroll down PAST BOTTOM OF PAGE for complete image description, and CLICK large image to make it even LARGER...
***There may be multiple image pages; use red page/image controls below to see them all!***
![pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:07AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 3 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Gk5XzLx/0/Ti/2080_10_40Dc-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:07AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 3 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press")
![pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:16AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 4 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-DHKtVN5/0/Ti/3595_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:16AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 4 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press")
![pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:20AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 5 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-xBDpqFt/0/Ti/3598_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 9:20AM partly cloudy, air temp: 23°C / 73°F
[IMAGE 5 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press")
![pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 11:11AM partly cloudy, air temp: 25°C / 77°F
[IMAGE 6 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-zgwzqjz/0/Ti/3649_10_7Dc-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Wanapum Rec. Area [Kittitas Co], WA USA [el. 190 m / 623 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 5/16/10 11:11AM partly cloudy, air temp: 25°C / 77°F
[IMAGE 6 of 6] Winter rains had apparently washed away most of the external nest mound of this Pogonomyrmex salinus colony, in central Washington state. In addition, large, jagged pebbles were either exposed by the erosion, or deposited around the nest entrance by the flowing water. In this series of images, dozens of workers can be seen attempting to remove the relatively huge rocks, by grasping them with their mandibles and dragging them away. Some of the objects appeared to be too large and heavy to be moved by a single ant, so in some instances, two or more workers would cooperatively carry them. It was also clear that the ants were completely unable to move some of the largest pebbles. Having a jumble of 'boulders' at the entrance to their nest would generally be unacceptable to these ants. The many nooks and crannies would make entering and exiting the nest very difficult (especially while carrying foraged seeds, etc), and spiders and other predators would be provided with many hiding places from which to prey upon colony members. In a situation like this, Pogos may sometimes choose to construct another nest entrance in a more suitable location.
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Many Pogo nests sport a prominent gravel-covered mound, cone, or crater which contains a small network of galleries and tunnels. In some cases, this mound feature is not present, and the external nest structure consists simply of entrance holes in the ground, often surrounded by a gravel 'disc', and located within an area cleared of vegetation.
However, like the proverbial 'tip of the iceberg', the above-ground portion of a Pogo nest represents only a tiny fraction of the whole colony - in terms of ant population, and in the physical structure and extent of the nest itself.
The subterranean portions of Pogonomyrmex nests usually contain one or more large (approximately vertical) tunnels - and branching off from these, many 'side burrows' and chambers. These offshoots are more numerous (and larger) nearer the surface, and dwindle in frequency and size, as depth increases. These chambers function as granaries, nurseries, general quarters, and sometimes refuse dumps.
Pogonomyrmex nests can reach considerable depths. Nests of P. rugosus (the rough harvester) have been shown to extend 4 m / 13 ft into the ground, and those of P.occidentalis have been recorded to reach depths of 3 m / 10 ft.
Along with distinct variations among different Pogo species, there are many variables that affect the proportions of a particular colony's nest. It's likely that most nests are somewhat shallower than the figures given above.
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Taber, S.W. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press.
·Wheeler, W.M. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York, Columbia University Press")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:53AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 1 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Lw3792b/0/Ti/1469_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:53AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 1 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; \"Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip\".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as \"Pulse\" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-gGJCtnb/0/Ti/1486_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; \"Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip\".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as \"Pulse\" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552")
![pogolumina > ● Boardman [Morrow Co], OR USA [El. 91m/298 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/22/09 9:13AM sunny, air temp: 27°C / 80°F
[IMAGE 1 OF 2] Making remarkably good progress, a Pogonomyrmex salinus worker (with intermittent help from a nestmate) transports the legless carcass of an earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The ants were moving their cargo away from the nest entrance. It is not known if the earwig had been previously scavenged by the Pogos (as a potential food source), or if it just wandered into the nest, and was killed by the ants...](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-sBXKLTV/0/Ti/0801_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Boardman [Morrow Co], OR USA [El. 91m/298 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/22/09 9:13AM sunny, air temp: 27°C / 80°F
[IMAGE 1 OF 2] Making remarkably good progress, a Pogonomyrmex salinus worker (with intermittent help from a nestmate) transports the legless carcass of an earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The ants were moving their cargo away from the nest entrance. It is not known if the earwig had been previously scavenged by the Pogos (as a potential food source), or if it just wandered into the nest, and was killed by the ants...")
![pogolumina > ● Boardman [Morrow Co], OR USA [El. 91m/298 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/22/09 9:15AM sunny, air temp: 27°C / 80°F
[IMAGE 2 OF 2] Making remarkably good progress, a Pogonomyrmex salinus worker (with intermittent help from a nestmate) transports the legless carcass of an earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The ants were moving their cargo away from the nest entrance. It is not known if the earwig had been previously scavenged by the Pogos (as a potential food source), or if it just wandered into the nest, and was killed by the ants...](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-QrND8Rn/0/Ti/0832_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Boardman [Morrow Co], OR USA [El. 91m/298 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/22/09 9:15AM sunny, air temp: 27°C / 80°F
[IMAGE 2 OF 2] Making remarkably good progress, a Pogonomyrmex salinus worker (with intermittent help from a nestmate) transports the legless carcass of an earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The ants were moving their cargo away from the nest entrance. It is not known if the earwig had been previously scavenged by the Pogos (as a potential food source), or if it just wandered into the nest, and was killed by the ants...")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:24AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 1 of 3] A Pheidole creightoni major worker, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-z85ShRB/0/Ti/1302_09_40c-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:24AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 1 of 3] A Pheidole creightoni major worker, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:24AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 2 of 3] A Pheidole creightoni major worker, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-qkmzMFp/0/Ti/1310_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:24AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 2 of 3] A Pheidole creightoni major worker, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:26AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 1 of 3] Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Xz44zzs/0/Ti/1317_09_40c-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 8:26AM sunny, air temp: 17°C / 62°F
[IMAGE 1 of 3] Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers, attempting to transport a Pogonomyrmex salinus carcass (with attached debris). Presumably, the Pogo remains were being taken back to the Pheidole nest, about .6m / 2ft away. It is likely that the Pogo had been killed earlier by a spider (silk/web was present, and can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
We have found Pheidole creightoni living in close proximity to P. salinus at a location in central Washington state. In one instance, the distance between the entrances of a large P. salinus nest, and a Pheidole creightoni nest, was measured at 1.4m / 59 in., and at least two P. creightoni nests appeared to be built on the abandoned remnants of P. salinus mounds. The Pheidole nests are (at least in some cases) in the form of a small gravel crater, often with much chaff and Pogo carcasses present.
On one occasion (9/27/09) we observed Pheidole creightoni major and minor workers foraging on the gravel portions of a large, low, active Pogonomyrmex salinus nest mound. The Pogo workers appeared to take no notice of the tiny trespassers. A few of the Pheidole workers picked up small pieces of plant matter, and headed back toward their nest. A 'foraging party' (consisting of one major, and six minors) was also seen emerging from the Pheidole nest, in 'single file' (though not traveling toward the P. salinus mound, but in a different direction).
W.S. Creighton observed this ant (P. creightoni) near Applegate, Oregon, nesting in close association with the ant Messor andrei (an ant somewhat similar to P. salinus in appearance and habits). He noted that the Pheidole nests were ringed with chaff (discarded seed/plant debris) indicating that seeds were probably an important part of their diet (he also fed then freshly-killed squirrel meat, which they accepted). As mentioned above, we also see large amounts of chaff around/on P. creightoni nests, with the addition of Pogonomyrmex salinus body parts and carcasses (and rarely other ant/insect parts), indicating a possible reliance on scavenged insects, in addition to seeds, as a food source. Since some of the Pheidole creightoni nests that we have observed seem to be built on/very near the sites of abandoned Pogo colonies, we think it is possible that some of these carcasses are brought up from below by excavating P. creightoni workers. We will observe these ants more thoroughly in our 2010 season.
The Pheidole creightoni workers pictured here were differentiated from the very similar species, Pheidole californica, by the following characters: postpetiole of major 'spinose' in dorsal view; lateral cephalic setea of major, short and erect/nearly erect, in face-on view; propodeal spines of major in the form of 'long blunt pegs'; postpetiole of minor 'trapezoidal' in dorsal view.
·Burge, D.O. 2005. Taxonomy, Biology, and Distribution of Seed Harvesting Ants in the Pheidole californica Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
·Gregg, R.E. 1955. A New Species of Ant Belonging to the Pheidole Pilifera Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 62, No.1, March, 1955
·Wilson, E.O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts")
![pogolumina > ● Berg Ln / Cooley Rd, Bend [Deschutes Co], OR USA [el. 1060 m / 3478 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/19/09 7:16PM sunny, air temp: 28°C / 83°F
[IMAGE 1 of 2] This very rough-looking Pogonomyrmex salinus worker was imaged while gnawing on the femur of a large grasshopper leg, in central Oregon. As can be seen here, a good portion of the lower marginal area has been broken away by the ant's mandibles. The heavier medial area of the leg (with raised chevron-like ridges, and surrounded by the thick 'carinula') was apparently too tough for this determined ant, and she seemed unable to make any more progress. We believe the Pogo was trying to separate this large object into easily transportable pieces (the tibia was still attached, so the grasshopper leg was more than twice the length as can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-3nnHWH8/0/Ti/0308_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Berg Ln / Cooley Rd, Bend [Deschutes Co], OR USA [el. 1060 m / 3478 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/19/09 7:16PM sunny, air temp: 28°C / 83°F
[IMAGE 1 of 2] This very rough-looking Pogonomyrmex salinus worker was imaged while gnawing on the femur of a large grasshopper leg, in central Oregon. As can be seen here, a good portion of the lower marginal area has been broken away by the ant's mandibles. The heavier medial area of the leg (with raised chevron-like ridges, and surrounded by the thick 'carinula') was apparently too tough for this determined ant, and she seemed unable to make any more progress. We believe the Pogo was trying to separate this large object into easily transportable pieces (the tibia was still attached, so the grasshopper leg was more than twice the length as can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; \"Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip\".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as \"Pulse\" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552")
![pogolumina > ● Berg Ln / Cooley Rd, Bend [Deschutes Co], OR USA [el. 1060 m / 3478 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/19/09 7:16PM sunny, air temp: 28°C / 83°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] This very rough-looking (this image has not been over-sharpened) Pogonomyrmex salinus worker was imaged while gnawing on the femur of a large grasshopper leg, in central Oregon. As can be seen here, a good portion of the lower marginal area has been broken away by the ant's mandibles. The heavier medial area of the leg (with raised chevron-like ridges, and surrounded by the thick 'carinula') was apparently too tough for this determined ant, and she seemed unable to make any more progress. We believe the Pogo was trying to separate this large object into easily transportable pieces (the tibia was still attached, so the grasshopper leg was more than twice the length as can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-fbzWD2P/0/Ti/0311_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● Berg Ln / Cooley Rd, Bend [Deschutes Co], OR USA [el. 1060 m / 3478 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 7/19/09 7:16PM sunny, air temp: 28°C / 83°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] This very rough-looking (this image has not been over-sharpened) Pogonomyrmex salinus worker was imaged while gnawing on the femur of a large grasshopper leg, in central Oregon. As can be seen here, a good portion of the lower marginal area has been broken away by the ant's mandibles. The heavier medial area of the leg (with raised chevron-like ridges, and surrounded by the thick 'carinula') was apparently too tough for this determined ant, and she seemed unable to make any more progress. We believe the Pogo was trying to separate this large object into easily transportable pieces (the tibia was still attached, so the grasshopper leg was more than twice the length as can be seen in these images). [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; \"Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip\".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as \"Pulse\" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m/500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/14/09 8:09AM 50% cloud, air temp: 20°C / 68°F
A Pogonomyrmex salinus worker exploring her surroundings, in central Washington state.](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-Gzzb3rm/0/Ti/1134_09_40f-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m/500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/14/09 8:09AM 50% cloud, air temp: 20°C / 68°F
A Pogonomyrmex salinus worker exploring her surroundings, in central Washington state.")
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/4/08 8:12AM sunny, air temp: 21°C / 70°F
Pogonomyrmex salinus workers interacting near their nest entrance. It is interesting to note that in this image, the workers at bottom left, and top, are both missing leg segments - possibly as the result of conflict with Pogos from neighboring colonies. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
It is common to see workers waving their antennae over each other as they come and go around the nest entrance. Ants from the same colony have a distinctive odor (detectable by the ants) - and with a quick sweep of the antennae, a worker can chemically discriminate between a nestmate and an intruder. The ants can also receive and transmit important task, and status-related cues that help regulate foraging and other behaviors (including those concerning reproductive status). This is all facilitated by chemical compounds (hydrocarbons) that are produced within the ants' bodies, and that eventually reside on the outer layer of the ant's exoskeleton (cuticle). The frequent grooming by ants, of nestmates and themselves, helps distribute these nest/task/status-recognition labels throughout the colony.
·Greene, M.J. & D.M. Gordon. 2007. How Patrollers Set Foraging Direction in Harvester Ants. The American Naturalist, Vol. 170, No. 6, December 2007
·Hölldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson.1990. The Ants. Cambridge, MA, Belknap/Harvard Press
·Hölldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson. 2009. The Superorganism. W.W. Norton & Company, New York and London
·Wagner, D.,M. Tissot, W. Cuevas, and D.M. Gordon. 2000. Harvester Ants Utilize Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Nestmate Recognition. Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2000](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbyBehavior/Overview/i-9R2wD4k/5/Ti/0936_08_Rf-Ti.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/4/08 8:12AM sunny, air temp: 21°C / 70°F
Pogonomyrmex salinus workers interacting near their nest entrance. It is interesting to note that in this image, the workers at bottom left, and top, are both missing leg segments - possibly as the result of conflict with Pogos from neighboring colonies. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
It is common to see workers waving their antennae over each other as they come and go around the nest entrance. Ants from the same colony have a distinctive odor (detectable by the ants) - and with a quick sweep of the antennae, a worker can chemically discriminate between a nestmate and an intruder. The ants can also receive and transmit important task, and status-related cues that help regulate foraging and other behaviors (including those concerning reproductive status). This is all facilitated by chemical compounds (hydrocarbons) that are produced within the ants' bodies, and that eventually reside on the outer layer of the ant's exoskeleton (cuticle). The frequent grooming by ants, of nestmates and themselves, helps distribute these nest/task/status-recognition labels throughout the colony.
·Greene, M.J. & D.M. Gordon. 2007. How Patrollers Set Foraging Direction in Harvester Ants. The American Naturalist, Vol. 170, No. 6, December 2007
·Hölldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson.1990. The Ants. Cambridge, MA, Belknap/Harvard Press
·Hölldobler, B. & E.O. Wilson. 2009. The Superorganism. W.W. Norton & Company, New York and London
·Wagner, D.,M. Tissot, W. Cuevas, and D.M. Gordon. 2000. Harvester Ants Utilize Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Nestmate Recognition. Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2000")
● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
![pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552](http://www.pogolumina.net/NorthAmericanPogosbySpecies/Pogonomyrmex-salinus/i-gGJCtnb/0/M/1486_09_40f-M.jpg "pogolumina > ● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; \"Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip\".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as \"Pulse\" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552")
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552
● NW of Mattawa [Grant Co], WA USA [el. 152 m / 500 ft] view location in Google Maps »
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
● 9/27/09 9:58AM sunny, air temp: 18°C / 65°F
[IMAGE 2 of 2] In a rare display of cooperative scavenging, a group of four Pogonomyrmex salinus workers move an incomplete moth carcass toward their nest, in central Washington state. They did eventually reach the entrance, and with some difficulty, pulled the moth inside. [scroll down for additional notes/references]
ADDITIONAL NOTES/REFERENCES:
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552
Because they are referred to as harvester ants, Pogos are often thought of as strict granivores (feeding only on grains and seeds). Though they do collect great quantities of plant-based nutritional resources, they are also known (to a lesser degree) to scavenge arthropod carrion (dead insects, spiders, etc) in sometimes significant amounts.
The degree to which Pogonomyrmex ants utilize this type of food, varies from species to species, and on many other factors, including variation coinciding with seasonal changes, or local events like rainfall.
In some species, such as P. montanus, insects and insect parts may make up more than 25% of the total food intake for the colony. One study of Pogonomyrmex salinus in southeastern Idaho, found that only 2% of returning foragers carried insects or dung (the authors add; "Although insects were included in only 2% of the foraging trips, they accounted for 12% of the food weight per unit trip".
While most of this arthropod/insect food is apparently scavenged from already-dead creatures, Pogonomyrmex ants (and other ant species) are famous for sometimes preying on live termites - especially during the termite's mating swarms. Also, Pogonomyrmex rugosus has been observed to prey on live grass cicadas (Beameria vanosa) as they emerge from the ground in Spring.
Clark & Blom observed Pogonomyrmex salinus workers feeding on the carcass of a sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus), in Idaho - it is is not known if the ants killed the lizard as well. Other Pogos have also been been known to feed on already-dead reptiles and small mammals (small bits of flesh are removed by the ants, and carried back to the nest). Dead mammals and reptiles are not known to serve as a major source of food for Pogos.
·Clark, W.H. & P.E. Blum. 1991. Observations of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae, Formicinae, Dolichorderinae) Utilizing Carrion. The Southwestern Naturalist Vol.36, No.1, March 1991
·Jorgensen C.D. & Porter, S.D. 1982. Foraging Behavior of Pogonomyrmex owyheei in Southeast Idaho. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1982
·MacKay, W.P. 1981. A Comparison of Nest Phenologies of Three Species of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1981
·Whitford, W.G & E. Jackson. 2007. Seed Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) as "Pulse" Predators. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (2007) 549-552
Camera: Canon (Canon Eos 40d) |
more details: exif |
original size: 3888px x 2592px |
Current: 600px x 400px |